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History Of Pulse Oximeters
Oximeters are an electronic device that measures the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood, which is most frequently used by medical professionals to both check and monitor a patient’s oxygen levels. The popularity of oximeters and the need of individuals to monitor their own blood oxygen levels have resulted in the use of oximeters for home use, aviation and sports. Today’s oximeters are smaller, more accurate and often more affordable than the original. Progressing over seventy years, the original concept was discovered in 1930's, in Germany, by scientists when they were using, spectrophotometers (instruments that can measure different wavelengths and intensities of light) to measure the transmission of light through skin. Later during the 1940's, a British researcher, Millikan used two wavelengths of light one green and one red to create a practical ear oxygen monitor which is when the term "oximeter" was created. During the 1940's and 1950's, the Waters Company used the technology to further research and develop a system that could be used during experimental studies and for aviation. In 1964, a surgeon, in San Francisco, recognizing the oximeters medical usefulness, developed an oximeter that was later marketed by Hewlett Packard in the early 1970's. The originally marketed device did have some limitations. Although the device began to be used in clinical settings, it was heavy weighing thirty five pounds, expensive costing around ten thousand dollars, and did not allow for continuous arterial oxygenation level monitoring. The improvements made in the late 1970's resulted in advances such as the use of LED's for producing the light. As time continued, respiratory therapists and anesthesiologists began to see the benefits of pulse oximetry. Companies such as Ohmeda, Nellcor, and Novametrix continued making significant advances producing multiple site probes, reducing size and cost bringing us forward to the pulse oximetry devices we have today.
Today’s oximeters come in many forms. Most hospitals and other medical facilities use a bedside oximeter or combination monitors that are capable of monitoring various signs such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, EKG, and of course oxygen saturation. Ambulatory emergency medical services usually use a handheld oximeter model due to its portability. Most frequently used in homes are finger oximeters since it is smaller and more affordable for individual use. Since most oximeters manufactured have similar accuracies, recent advances to today’ oximeters has been focused more on reducing prices, making a more durable unit, and designing units that can be interfaced to data centers were data can be stored and interpreted for trends.
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